One of our four state holidays, when adults do not go to work and children do not go to school.
state in our territory- the Great Moravian Empire originated ( Moravia is the eastern part of the Czech Republic). At that time the Slavs were pagans and did not know the script. To strengthen their might in the Christian world, the ruler and some other noblemen let themselves be
christened in 831. But when Germanic missionaries began to bring Latin liturgy to the Czech lands, it was obvious that they wanted to influence the Slavs politically too. Therefore Prince Rostislav (846-870) systematically oriented himself towards Byzantium and asked the Byzantine emperor to send him missionaries who would spread Christianity in the Slavonic language. In 863 Greek brothers Constantine and Methodius came from Salonica and introduced Slavonic liturgy in Moravia. Constantine made an alphabet from the small Greek letters, which was called after him the Cyrillic alphabet ( from which the Russian ?????? developed). He also formed an artificial Slavic language(see thr photo), which the Pope recognized as the fourth liturgical language. The brothers translated the Holy Scriptures and other biblical and liturgical texts into this Slavic language. Constantine died in 869 in Rome after he had become a monk and had assumed the name of Cyril. Methodius gained the title of Archbishop of the Moravian- Panonian Archdiocese. Both brothers were later canonized.
So from the earliest times the country was open to cultural influences from the west, as well as from the east. After Methodius´death (885) the ruler drove out the devotees of the Slavonic liturgy and inclined back to the Latin rite.
In 907 Great Moravia broke up under the pressure of the Hungarians´ raids.
2.THE END OF THE ONLY HOME DYNASTY OF THE PŘEMYSLIDS. 4th August, 1306
Our first ruling dynasty, which ruled in the Czech lands for more than 400 years, died out on the spear-side by the last Přemyslid, 17-year-old Václav III.
He was murdered during a military campaign ( stabbed while having rest after lunch). After a short period of destabilization the Luxemburgs succeeded the throne in 1310.
There were thirty Přemyslid rulers on the throne between 885 - 1306. Originally the Přemyslids ruled over one Slavonic tribe- the Czechs. Gradually they spread their power over all tribes in the territory. Sometimes they acted quite brutally. For example they massacred all members of the opponent family Slavík in 995 (including babies). Brothers blinded, castrated or murdered brothers, fathers imprisoned their sons. Strange people ! And dangerously unscrupulous and ambicious. They also did some remarkable things. They founded some monasteries and towns (Prague was founded around 885), built some churches, gained our coat-of-arms ( a silver lion in a red field). The best-known representative of the Přemyslid dynasty is our patron saint Václav, who was assassinated in 935 at the behest of his brother (see the photo). His equestrian statue stands in the center of Prague in Wenceslas Square.
3.SUCCESSION OF CHARLES IV LUXEMBURG TO THE THRONE OF BOHEMIA 1346
(see the photo)
Charles IV (1316- 1346- 1378) was one of the most educated rulers in Europe. He was educated in France and he spoke French, Italian, German, Latin and Czech. 
He was the first Bohemian ruler to obtain the crown of the Roman king and the title of the Emperor. Charles transferred Bohemia into the centre of the Holy Roman Empire, endowed with many privileges. He considered the Bohemian Kingdom as the centre of his power and resided in Prague. Charles expanded the area of the Czech state and vast lands of Silesia, Upper Lusatia, Lower Lusatia and Brandenburg were joined to it. (Berlin became a provincial outpost of the Czech state !) He systematically built Prague as the political and cultural centre of western Christendom. He began to build the biggest church in our country, the Cathedral of St.Vitus. In 1348 he founded the New Town of Prague (our school is situated there) and Prague University (the oldest university in Central Europe). He built Karlštejn Castle, where he kept wonderful crown jewels. He also built a famous stone bridge (now called Charles Bridge).
Charles was married four times and each of his wives brought him some lands and gave him some children.(twelve) He was a loving husband and father. The older he was the younger his brides. His first wife was of the same age as him, the second was 13 years younger, the third was 23 years younger and his last wife (who outlived him) was 31 years younger. Lucky man !